Friday, January 24, 2020
Foreign Language Essay :: Foreign Languages Essays
Foreign Language Essay Innehà ¥llsfà ¶rteckning Innehà ¥llsfà ¶rteckning          2 Inledning          3 Sammanfattning          4 Allmà ¤nt          5 Japans industriella          6 struktur Faktorer som bidragit     11 till Japans framgà ¥ngar Jà ¤mfà ¶relse mellan          14 Sverige och Japan Kà ¤llfà ¶rteckning          18 Bilaga          19 Inledning Sverige à ¤r nu i en djup là ¥gkonjunktur, med massor av "sparpaket". Dà ¤rfà ¶r tyckte jag att det skulle vara intressant att titta pà ¥ just en av và ¤rldens stà ¶rsta och starkaste marknadseko nomier och se vad som skiljer den mot Sverige. Jag valde inte USA utan Japan som kommer lite i skymundan mot den stora jà ¤tten i Và ¤st. Jag kommer att ta upp lite om fà ¶retagsstruktur d v s om de à ¤r konglomerat eller ej, stort eller litet o s v. Sedan tà ¤nkte jag ta upp lite om instà ¤llningen till arbete hos japanerna, d v s hur deras tra ditioner à ¤r i fà ¶rhà ¥llande till arbetet. Pà ¥ det hà ¤r sà ¤ttet tà ¤nkte jag pà ¥visa vad som gà ¶r Japan till en rela tivt solid ekonomi. Jag vill ocksà ¥ visa vad som gjort att Japan har haft sà ¥ otroliga framgà ¥ngar speciellt efter andra và ¤rldskriget. Sammanfattning Japan à ¤r ett relativt litet land, men à ¤ndà ¥ har det utvecklat en và ¤l digt stark ekonomi. Bristen pà ¥ tillgà ¥ngar och det isolerade là ¤get har lett till att japanerna mà ¥ste ha en effektiv handel à ¶ver grà ¤n serna. Japan har ett và ¤lutvecklat industridepartement som samarbetar dagligen med industrin och fungerar som ett samordnings- och rà ¥dgivningsorgan. De stora industrigrupperna stà ¥r fà ¶r hà ¤lften av Japans fà ¶rà ¤dlings và ¤rde, men bara ca 1/5 av sysselsà ¤ttningen. Detta beror frà ¤mst pà ¥ att industrigrupperna tillà ¤mpar livstidsanstà ¤llning och seniori tets systemet vilka à ¤r mycket kostsamma, men ger mà ¥nga fà ¶rdelar bl a effektiva arbetare. Industrigrupperna samarbetar med smà ¥- och medelstora fà ¶retag, de hjà ¤lper dem med bl a finansiering och rà ¥d givning. I gengà ¤ld arbetar de mindre fà ¶retagen lojalt fà ¶r de stora och blir som ett slags sà ¤kerhetsomrà ¥de fà ¶r dem. De flesta japanerna sparar fà ¶r en oviss framtid, dà ¤rfà ¶r att de ej har nà ¥gon speciell social trygghet genom staten, endast en folk pension pà ¥ ca 3816 kr/mà ¥nad. Genom detta sparande blir ban kerna enormt kapitalstarka och dà ¤rfà ¶r à ¤r just de 4 stà ¶rsta banker na i và ¤rlden ja panska. Det genomsnittliga sparkapitalet fà ¶r en japansk familj à ¤r ca 354 000 kr. Deras marginalskatt à ¤r endast ca 10% vilket moti verar à ¶vertidsarbete och mer sparande, dà ¤rfà ¶r arbetar japanerna ca 6 h mer à ¤n t ex europà ©er. Det finns mà ¥nga faktorer som har bidragit till Japans framgà ¥ngar framfà ¶r allt efter andra và ¤rldskriget bl a den stabila stà ¤llningen in ternationellt, den effektiva inrikespolitiken, nà ¤ringssystemet, styr ningen av fà ¶retagen och de effektiva arbetarna. Jà ¤mfà ¶r man Sverige och Japan sà ¥ à ¤r det, det lite stà ¶rre landet med 8 miljoner inv. mot det lilla landet med en enorm befolkning pà ¥ 125 miljoner.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
What Is Inclusion
What is inclusion ? Inclusive education is concerned with the education and accommodation of all children within the classroom, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, or linguistic deficits. Inclusion should also include children from disadvantaged groups, of all races and cultures as well as the gifted and the disabled (UNESCO, 2003).Inclusion tries to reduce exclusion within the education system by tackling, responding to and meeting the different needs of all learners (Booth, 1996). It involves changing the education system so that it can accommodate the unique styles and way of learning of each learner and ensure that there is quality education for all through the use of proper resources, appropriate teaching strategies and partnerships within the community (UNESCO, 2003).Inclusion will not happen instantaneously but requires careful planning and thinking, positive attitudes and behaviour and utilising the necessary specialised support, accommodations and adaptations to ensure all children become part of the school (Burstein, Sears, Wilcoxen, Cabello & Spagna, 2004), actively participate in the education system and later become fully contributing members of society (Department of Education, 2001).Inclusive education is about ensuring that schools can meet the needs of all learners. It is therefore the responsibility of an inclusive school to embrace the diversity and special needs of all its learners, (Flem, Moen & Gudmundsdottir, 2004) identify and minimise the barriers to learning (Department of Education, 2001) and create a tolerant and respectful atmosphere in which people are valued and stigmatisation is minimised (Carrington & Robinson, 2004).All children thus need to be given the support they need so they can achieve success, feel a sense of security and belong to a community (Iarskaia-Smirnova, & Loshakova, 2004; Burke & Sutherland, 2004). Inclusive education also recognises that learning occurs both at home and in the community and the refore the support of parents, family and the community is vital (Department of Education, 2001). Truly inclusive schools understand the uniqueness of every child, that all children can learn and that all children have different gifts, strengths learning styles and needs.These schools then provide the appropriate means and support through which these needs can be met (UNESO, 2003) The varying ability of children in the classroom means that in order for all to be educationally challenged, teachers should arrange activities and set learning intentions in certain ways to ensure the equal opportunities of learning for all children. By examining the work of theorists, such as Piaget (1961) and Vygotsky (1978), the importance of motivating all children by providing challenging tasks is extremely significant.Of course these tasks must be differentiated to account for the range of ability in classrooms and it is therefore vital for teachers to acknowledge the level of individual children, s o that appropriate tasks can be set to fulfil certain goals and enhance learning It is important to remember that differentiation can also be present in gender, social class, ethnicity and religion. Teachers should provide all children with equal opportunities to their right to a fair education, building and developing the child's individual needs.Planning should accommodate for the differences in ability and performance of all children, ‘including the more able and those with special educational needs' (DFES, 2004,) Teachers should provide attention and individual support to all children and when they are busy with a ‘focus group' they should return to any other children who had problems when they can (DfES, S3. 2. 4). This essay has shown how inclusive education is not a straight forward process that can be implemented overnight. Rather it requires a lot of planning, support, resources and reviewing.There is extensive research that South Africa can use to make inclusiv e education successful in South Africa. The major obstacle preventing the successful implementation of inclusion in South Africa is not our lack of resources but rather the teachers' lack of knowledge about children with special needs and how to accommodate them in regular classes. On-going intensive training, professional development and support are therefore needed so that teachers' attitudes can become positive and their willingness to promote inclusion can be maximised.Teachers thus need to change their mindset, become more willing to try new and different curricular strategies, engage in more joint planning and cooperative learning strategies and believe that all children can learn (Schmidt ; Harriman, 1998). This can only be done however if teachers are equipped with the necessary skills needed to include all learners. Inclusion can become a practical process in South Africa as long as we look at what has made it successful in other countries and build on from there. Reference List 1. Allan, J. (2003). Productive pedagogies and the challenge of inclusion. †In British Journal of Special Education 30 (4): 175 – 179. 1. Ainscow, M, Booth, t & Dyson, A. (2004) â€Å"Understanding and developing inclusive practices in schools: a collaborative action research network. †In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 125 – 139 1. Booth, T. (1996). â€Å"A Perspective on Inclusion from England. †In Cambridge Journal of Education 26 (1): 87 – 100. 1. Burke, K & Sutherland, C. (2004). â€Å"Attitudes toward Inclusion: Knowledge versus Experience. †In Education 125 (2): 163 – 172. . Burstein, N, Sears, S, Wilcoxen, A, Cabello, B, & Spagna, M. (2004). â€Å"Moving Toward Inclusive Practices. †In Remedial & Special Education 25 (2): 104 – 116. 1. Carrington, S & Robinson, R. (2004). â€Å"A case study of inclusive school development: a journey of learning. †In International Journ al of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 141 – 153 1. Cross, A. F, Traub, E. K, Hutter-Pishgahi, L & Shelton, G. (2004). â€Å"Elements of Successful Inclusion for Children with Significant Disabilities. †In Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 24 (3): 169 – 183 1.De Lange, J. P. (1989). Politics and Education. Pretoria. South Africa. 1. Department of Education. (2001). Education White Paper 6 on Special Needs Education: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://education. pwv. gov. za 1. Deppeler, J & Harvey, D. (2004). â€Å"Validating the British Index for Inclusion for the Australian Context: Stage 1. †In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 155 – 184 1. Flem, A, Moen, T & Gudmundsdottir, S. (2004). Towards inclusive schooling: a study of inclusive education in practice. †In European Journal of Special Needs Education 19 (1): 85 – 97 1. Forlin, C. (2004). â€Å"Promoting Inclusivity in Western Australian Schools. †In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 185 – 202 1. Hegarty, S. Educating Children and Young People with Disabilities: Principles and the Review of Practice. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0009/000955/095511eo. pdf 1. Hunt, P. , Staub, D. , Alwell, M. ; Goetz, L. (1994). â€Å"Achievement by all students within the context of cooperative learning groups. †In Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 19, 290-301. 1. Iarskaia-Smirnova, E. R ; Loshakova, I. I. (2004). â€Å"Inclusive Education of Handicapped Children. †In Russian Education and Society 46 (2): 63 – 74 1. Jobe, D, Rust, J. O, ; Brissie, J. (1996). â€Å"Teacher attitudes toward inclusion of students with disabilities into regular classrooms. †In Education 117(1), 234-245. 1. Peck, C. A, Stau b, D, Gallucci, C ; Schwartz, I. (2004). Parent Perception of the Impacts of Inclusion on their Nondisabled Child. †In Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 29 (2): 135 – 143 1. Raschke, D & Bronson, J. (1999). Creative Educators at Work: All Children Including those with Disabilities Can Play Traditional Classroom Games. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://www. uni. edu/coe/inclusion/philosophy/benefits. html. 1. Schmidt, M. W & Harriman, N. E. (1998). Teaching Strategies for Inclusive Classrooms. Harcourt Bruce College Publishers: New York. . Sharpe, M. , York, J, & Knight, J (1994). â€Å"Effects of inclusion on the academic performance of classmates without disabilities. †In Remedial and Special Education, 15, 281-287. 1. Stroeve, W. (1998). One of the Kids: Educating children with and without disabilities together in the same classes and schools. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address www. aare. edu. au/03pap/hea03769. pdf 1. Turner, N. D & Traxler, M. (2000). Children's Literature for the Primary Inclusive Classroom. Delmar Thompson Learning: Africa. 1. UNESCO. (2003).Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive Approaches in Education: A Challenge & a Vision – A Conceptual Paper. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0013/001347/134785e. pdf 1. UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://www. unesco. org/education/information/nfsunesco/pdf/SALAMA_E. PDF 1. UNESCO. (2005). First Steps: Stories on Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005.Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0011/001102/110238eo. pdf 1. UNESCO. (2001). Including the Excluded: Meeting Diversity in Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th J uly 2005. Web Address: http://dit-fs1. hq. int. unesco. org/ulis/docs/0012/001226/122613eo. pdf 1. Van Kraayenoord, C. (2003). â€Å"The Task of Professional Development. †In International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 50 (4): 363 – 365 1. Wong, A. I. P, Pearson, V & Kuen Lo, E. M. (2004). â€Å"Competing philosophies in the classroom: a challenge to Hong Kong teachers. â€Å"
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
Social Security - 1185 Words
FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES AM228: BACHELOR OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE (HONS.) ADM653: SOCIAL SECURITY AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION TOPIC: DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN UNITED STATES PREPARED BY: AFIQAH BINTI MAD KASSIM 2013455736 ALIA ATIQQAH BINTI ADENAN 2013 FIQRIN HANIS BINTI ROSLI 2013488894 INTAN SURAIYAH BINTI RAMAT 2013460818 NUR AMILY BINTI ZAINUDDIN 2013439594 GROUP: S3BA5G (SEPT 2015) PREPARED FOR: SIR SUHAIMI BIN ABD SAMAD SUBMISSION DATE: 13 OCTOBER 2015 1.0 Introduction United States Social Security Administration focused on social insurance. The concept of social insurance in United States is from the individuals’ contribution to the government†¦show more content†¦An unmarried child with disability that starts at the age before 22 years old. And last but not least parents at the age of at least 62 years old being dependent on the deceased for at least half of the deceased’s income. 2.4 Medicare Benefits Medicare is the United States federal insurance system that bring forth medical care for those who are above 65 years old and some people younger than 65 with specific disablements. The Medicare plans are divided into four parts which are hospital insurance, medical insurance, Medicare advantage plans and medical prescription drugs. Hospital insurance is given to those 65 years old and above with American citizenship or permanent residents of America. Anyone who have registered for the first part are eligible for the rest of the plans. The application to have this Medicare would be easier if the person is already obtaining Social Security retirement or disability benefits because they will reach the person few months before he or she entitled for it. 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